Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desagregar os polígonos de mapas de unidades fisiográficas, de modo a individualizar as classes de solos ocorrentes em cada unidade, para representá-las como unidades de mapeamento simples de solos e gerar um mapa de solos com maior detalhe cartográfico que o mapa original, ampliando a utilidade desses dados em demandas futuras. Foi utilizado um mapa fisiográfico, em escala 1:25.000, da microbacia Córrego Tarumãzinho, localizada no Município de Águas Frias, no Estado de Santa Catarina. Para realizar a desagregação, foram utilizados três parâmetros geomorfométricos: declividade e formas do terreno, ambas derivadas do modelo digital do terreno; e mapa de elevação. Os limites das unidades fisiográficas e os mapas de elevação, declividade e formas do terreno foram submetidos à tabulação cruzada para identificar as combinações existentes entre as classes de solos que compõem cada unidade fisiográfica. A partir dessas combinações, foram elaboradas regras para selecionar áreas de ocorrência típica de cada tipo de solo, para treinar um modelo de árvores de decisão para predição da ocorrência das classes de solos. O treinamento do modelo foi realizado no programa Weka, e a sua validação foi feita com um conjunto de perfis de solos georreferenciados. A desagregação possibilita a individualização e a espacialização das classes de solos e é útil para a produção de mapas de solos detalhados.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to disaggregate the polygons of physiographic map units in order to individualize the soil classes in each one, representing them as simple soil map units and generating a more detailed soil map than the original one, making these data more useful for future reference. A physiographic map, on a 1:25,000 scale, of the Tarumãzinho watershed, located in the municipality of Águas Frias, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, was used. For disaggregation, three geomorphometric parameters were applied: slope and landforms, both derived from the digital terrain model; and an elevation map. The boundaries of the physiographic units and the elevation, slope, and landform maps were subjected to cross tabulation to identify the existing combinations between the soil classes of each physiographic unit. Based on these combinations, rules were established to select typical areas of occurrence of each soil type in order to train a decision tree model to predict the occurrence of soil classes. The model was trained using the Weka software and was validated with a set of georeferenced soil profiles. Disaggregation enables the individualization and spatialization of soil classes and is useful in producing detailed soil maps.

ABSTRACT The success of soil prediction by VIS-NIR-SWIR spectroscopy has led to considerable investment in large soil spectral libraries. The aims of this study were 1) to develop a soil VIS-NIR-SWIR spectroscopy approach using legacy soil samples to improve spectral soil information in a regional scale; (2) to compare six spectral preprocessing techniques; and (3) to compare the performance of linear and non-linear multivariate models for prediction of sand and clay content. A total of 1,534 legacy soil samples, stored by Epagri, were collected from agricultural areas in 2009 on a regional scale, covering 260 municipalities of Santa Catarina. Six spectral preprocessing techniques were applied and compared with reflectance spectra (control treatment) in the development of sand and clay prediction models. Five multivariate regression models, Support Vector Machines, Gaussian Process Regression, Cubist, Random Forest, and Partial Least Square Regression were compared. The scatter-corrective preprocessing groups produced similar or better performance than spectral-derivatives. In addition, preprocessing spectra prior to regression analysis does not improve sand prediction, since reflectance spectra achieved the best performance using Cubist, SVM, and PLS models. In general, clay content presented better prediction accuracy than sand content. The best multivariate model to predict sand and clay content from soil VIS-NIR-SWIR spectra was Cubist. The best Cubist performance was achieved combined with reflectance spectra (R2 = 0.73; root mean square error = 10.60 %; ratio of the performance to the interquartile range = 2.36) and MSC (R2 = 0.83; root mean square error = 7.29 %; ratio of the performance to the interquartile range = 3.70) for sand and clay content, respectively. Considering the mean RMSE values of the validation set, the predictive ability of the multivariate models decreased in the following order: Cubist>PLS>RF>GPR>SVM for both properties. The predictive ability of VIS-NIR-SWIR reflectance spectroscopy achieved in this study for sand and clay content using legacy soil data and heterogeneous samples confirmed the potential of the spectroscopy approach.

ABSTRACT Soil surveys often contain multi-component map units comprising two or more soil classes, whose spatial distribution within the map unit is not represented. Digital Soil Mapping tools supported by information from soil surveys make it possible to predict where these classes are located. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to increase the detail of conventional soil maps by means of spatial disaggregation of multi-component map units and to predict the spatial location of the derived soil classes. Three digital maps of terrain variables - slope, landforms, and topographic wetness index - were correlated with the soil map and 72 georeferenced profiles from the Porto Alegre soil survey. Explicit rules that expressed regional soil-landscape relationships were formulated based on the resulting combinations. These rules were used to select typical areas of occurrence of each soil class and to train a decision tree model to predict the occurrence of individualized soil classes. Validation of the soil map predictions was conducted by comparison with available soil profiles. The soil map produced showed high agreement (80.5 % accuracy) with the soil classes observed in the soil profiles; Ultisols and Lithic Udorthents were predicted with greater accuracy. The soil variables selected in this study were suitable to represent the soil-landscape relationships, suggesting potential use in future studies. This approach developed a more detailed soil map relevant to current demands for soil information and has potential to be replicated in other areas in which data availability is similar.

ABSTRACT A large number of predictor variables can be used in digital soil mapping; however, the presence of irrelevant covariables may compromise the prediction of soil types. Thus, algorithms can be applied to select the most relevant predictors. This study aimed to compare three covariable selection systems (two filter algorithms and one wrapper algorithm) and assess their impacts on the predictive model. The study area was the Lajeado River Watershed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We used forty predictor covariables, derived from a digital elevation model with 30 m resolution, in which the three selection models were applied and separated into subsets. These subsets were used to assess performance by applying four prediction algorithms. The wrapper method obtained the best performance values for the predictive model in all the algorithms evaluated. The three selection methods applied reduced the number of covariables in the predictive models by 70 % and enabled prediction of the 14 soil mapping units.

Os assentamentos rurais no Brasil foram criados para responder a pressões localizadas e estão marcados pela falta de planejamento prévio de implantação e diagnóstico dos recursos naturais relativos a aptidão agrícola, distribuição das classes de relevo, hidrografia, vegetação e mecanismos de apoio. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a aptidão agrícola das terras destinadas ao assentamento de famílias rurais do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), aplicando o Sistema de Avaliação da Aptidão Agrícola das Terras (SAAT) associado a um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) no Projeto de Assentamento Eldorado dos Carajás (PAEC), localizado no município de Lebon Régis/SC. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, optou-se por utilizar mapas temáticos em sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) para armazenar e integrar os dados espaciais. O uso do SIG permitiu a análise e integração dos temas com significativa redução de tempo e subjetividade nos cruzamentos. O uso do método forneceu duas respostas básicas ao planejamento de uso dos recursos naturais das áreas rurais: as classes de aptidão agrícola, apontando os principais fatores limitantes e a viabilidade de melhoramento das terras no nível tecnológico B; e, quando confrontado com os mapas temáticos e os dados cadastrais do assentamento, revelou as regularidades e irregularidades no uso das terras em cada parcela imobiliária.

Rural settlements in Brazil were created in order to confront pressures and are characterized by the lack of planning prior to the diagnosis and implementation of the natural resources related to land suitability evaluation, distribution of classes such as topography, rivers system, vegetation, and support mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agricultural capacity of the lands which were allotted to the settlement of rural families by the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA), applying the system of Agricultural Evaluation and Land Suitability (SAAT) associated with a Geographical Information System (GIS) functioning at the Eldorado dos Carajás Settlement Project, located in the municipality of Lebon Régis, SC, Brazil. In order to carry out the study there was a choice to use thematic maps from geographical information systems so that the special data could be stored and integrated. The use of the SIG made possible the analysis and integration of the themes with significant time reduction and subjectivity in the crossings of data. The use of this methodology provided two threshold responses to the planning of the use of rural areas natural resources: the classes of agricultural capacity, highlighting the main limiting factors and the viability of land improvement on technological B level of the methodology; and when confronting the thematic maps and the recorded data of the settlement, both regularities and irregularities in the use of the land in each area were revealed.